Homophobia in Ender’s Game - Literature Essay Samples

Ender’s Game, a novel by Orson Scott Card, is a form of anti-homosexual propaganda. The essay â€Å"Kill the Bugger: Ender’s Game and the Question of Heteronormativity† by James Campbell goes in depth regarding the ways in which Orson Scott Card’s thoughts on heteronormativity are reflected through structural subtleties in the novel. The 2013 film adaptation of Ender’s Game also includes an emphasis on the element of heterosexuality, which further enforces Card’s distaste toward homosexuality. Card’s anti-homosexual thoughts are expressed through the underlying analogies in the novel that Campbell mentions. His opinions are emphasized in specific scenes throughout the novel, as well as through Card’s production choice, to increase the significance of heterosexual relationships in the film. In the article â€Å"Kill the Bugger: Ender’s Game and the Question of Heteronormativity,† author James Campbell mentions sever al subtleties that, when read closely, point to Card’s continued insults towards homosexuals. Ender’s Game tells the story of Ender Wiggin, a six-year-old boy who is recruited to attend Battle School to train to command an army to attack a foreign planet. He is instructed to save Earth from the aliens who inhabit it, called the â€Å"buggers.† Implied by the title of the response article, the term â€Å"bugger† is perhaps the most obvious of signs. The word â€Å"bugger† is a British slang term for either a male homosexual or a practice of sodomy. Ender is instructed to violently murder all of these buggers, which implies Card’s desire to eliminate all homosexuals. As quoted in â€Å"Kill the Bugger,† literary analyst Norma Spinrad said, â€Å"It is difficult to believe that Card was unaware of the obvious sexual connotations when he named the aliens the ‘buggers’† (493). Card also likely included the buggers in th e story to serve as a political scapegoat. According to Campbell, â€Å"the bugger menace is a propaganda ploy of the powers that be in order to frighten the populace, ‘because as long as people are afraid of the buggers, the I.F. can stay in power, certain countries can keep their hegemony’ (Card 110)† (500). As long as people are unsure of how to understand and react to homosexuals, the politically advantaged are able to stay in power. Card writes the story in such a way that the enemy defines the accepted community, which corresponds with a quote from an article Card published titled â€Å"The Hypocrites of Homosexuality†: â€Å"[Gays] must, in other words, obey the rules that define what that community is. Those who are not willing or able to obey the rules should honestly admit the fact and withdraw from membership† (Card par. 14). Similarly, Card expresses his feelings about homosexuals’ true purpose through Mazer Rackham’s monol ogue about strategies to kill the hives of buggers: â€Å"Murder’s no big deal to them. Only queen-killing, really, is murder, because only queen-killing closes off a genetic path† (Card 270). According to Campbell, â€Å"to Card, genetic potential is synonymous with real life† (503). By employing this viewpoint, Card is implying that homosexuals are worthless because they provide no pro-creational benefit. By stating that the buggers’ murder would be insignificant, he is once again expressing his belief on the worthlessness of homosexuals.There are also several characters whose traits reflect Card’s beliefs. According to Campbell, Orson Scott Card created the character Bonzo to represent the convergence of â€Å"homosexual desire and homophobic violence,† (496). Ender points out his physical attractiveness: â€Å"A boy stood there, tall and slender, with beautiful black eyes and slender hips that hinted at refinement. I would follow such b eauty anywhere, said something inside Ender† (Card 76). When Ender is transferred from Battle School to the Commander School, Bonzo angrily says, â€Å"I’ll have your ass someday† (Card 88), which Campbell interprets as a sodomy reference by Card. When Bonzo enters the bathroom with his sidekicks to attack Ender, he chooses a time and place when Ender is most vulnerable: the shower. Campbell equates this scene to a prison shower fight or gang rape: â€Å"such acts have a violent and sexual component† (Campbell 496). Ender ends Bonzo’s life by kicking him in the groin, which Campbell sees as a further anti-homosexual symbol from Card. It is also arguable that because Bonzo dies shortly after making a violent homosexual advance on Ender, he is killed. This could be Card’s way of subliminally pointing out that homosexuals have an inevitable end, should they choose to act on their sexuality. Campbell also draws a parallel between the physical str uctures in the novel to homosexual innuendos. Campbell compares the layout of the battle room to sodomy, stating that this â€Å"may represent the biggest nudge and wink in the novel, the battleroom itself† (Campbell 497), continuing to explain that â€Å"it doesn’t take an unusually perverse reader to detect a sexual underpinning: the armies struggle until the stronger team penetrates the opponent’s corridor† (Campbell 497). Each player strives to shoot the other players to freeze them, and stop them from penetrating the opponent’s corridor. Campbell argues that this is a subliminal message from Card, implying that the common goal amongst humans should be to end sodomical practices. The players’ desperate attempts to stop the opposing team from penetrating their corridor could symbolize Card’s wishes that all homosexuals would stop engaging in such relations. In addition to the underlying analogies throughout the novel that Campbell mentions, there are several distinct scenes where Orson Scott Card’s negative feelings on homosexuality surface. When Ender transfers to the Rat Army commanded by Rose the Nose, he is told by Rose not to â€Å"screw around with his desk [computer]† (Card 101). All the other children then laugh, and Ender realizes it is because Rose â€Å"programmed his desk to display and animate a bigger-than-life-size picture of male genitals, which waggled back and forth as Rose held the desk on his naked lap† (Card 101). This scene makes the homosocial relations in the novel more literal. Rose uses his computer to show his masculine power, while explicitly telling Ender not to â€Å"screw† with his genitalia. Card writes this homosexual reference in a way that has the other children laughing at Rose’s phallic display, which pokes fun at homosexuality in a potentially offensive way. There are several other clear moments in the story where homosexuality is portra yed in a negative manner. Ender sends an anonymous message as â€Å"God† directed at Bernard over the communication system: â€Å"Cover your butt. Bernard is watching† (Card 55). This is a clear expression of Card’s opinion of the unnaturalness of sodomy. Since the message came from â€Å"God,† we can assume that Card finds it divinely wrong and inappropriate on the highest level. Ender responds to this message with â€Å"I love your butt. Let me kiss it,† (Card 55) sent from the name â€Å"Bernard.† This message angers Bernard and he sees it as a challenge to his sexuality, and more deeply, his superiority: â€Å"Bernard’s attempt to be ruler of the room was broken. Only a few stayed with him now† (Card 85). This demonstrates that the quickest way to undercut an enemy in this story is to accuse him of being homosexual. Card’s beliefs on homosexuality are expressed through the effectiveness of this method of attack, by i mplying that being homosexual is a diminishing quality. A third direct reference to the prohibited nature of homosexuality is demonstrated through another character interaction. When Alai sends Ender off to the Salamander Army, â€Å"Alai suddenly kisse[s] Ender on the cheek and whispered in his ear. ‘Salaam’† (Card 69). The word â€Å"salaam† means peace, which should bring a positive reaction to Ender. However, Ender feels oppositely about this interaction: â€Å"Ender guessed that the kiss and the word were somehow forbidden† (Card 69). Even though there is no direct disapproval from any bystanders, Ender feels deeply disconcerted about Alai’s display of friendship. Card is once again demonstrating that any same-sex affection, whether a sign of peace, sexual attraction, or friendship, is wrong and should not be tolerated.The film adaptation of Ender’s Game, directed by Gavin Hood, increases the role of heterosexual relationships â⠂¬â€œ suggesting that heterosexuality is dominant over homosexuality. The sexual tension between Ender and his friend Petra in the Salamander Army is so prevalent in the film, and yet hardly noticeable in the book. When Ender enters the Salamander Army, Petra coaches him to bring him up to par with the other members of their team in the battle room. There is a lot of dramatic physical contact between Ender and Petra, and their eye contact is cinematically emphasized as well. Through these intentional, yet awkward interactions, Ender and Petra’s relationship is highly sexualized, and a strong emphasis is placed on heterosexual values. Even though this romance was not written as a significant part of the novel, Orson Scott Card was credited as a producer for the film, so it is likely that he either initiated or approved this insertion. Particularly because the characters are so young—especially too young to be engaging in romantic relationships— this romance feel s forced, and likely has a different purpose than to add to the storyline. By emphasizing the value and importance of heterosexual relationships, Card is expressing his opinion of the superiority of heterosexuality over homosexuality, without being offensive. Since this was a multi-million dollar film, it is understandable that Card would not want to scare away his audience with blatant anti-homosexual references on screen.Many people are still against the film regardless. There is a campaign called â€Å"Skip Ender’s Game†, consisting of LGBT protestors trying to urge people against seeing the film adaptation in theaters, to prevent Card from earning more money. Their message on the front page of their website states, â€Å"Ender’s Game author Orson Scott Card is more than an opponent of marriage equality. As a writer, he has spread degrading lies about LGBT people, calling us sexual deviants and criminals. As an activist, he sat on the board of the National Organization for Marriage and campaigned against our civil rights. Now hes a producer on the Enders Game movie. Do not let your box office dollars fuel his anti-gay agenda.† Card indeed does have a history of fighting against homosexuality that likely influenced his writing. In 1990, he advocated the criminalization of homosexuality, arguing, â€Å"those who flagrantly violate society’s regulation of sexual behavior cannot be permitted to remain as acceptable, equal citizens within that society.† In 2004, when Massachusetts legalized gay marriage, Card responded by saying the following: â€Å"So if [gays] insist on calling what they do ‘marriage,’ they are not turning their relationship into what my wife and I have created, because no court has the power to change what their relationship actually is. Instead they are attempting to strike a death blow against the well-earned protected status of our, and every other, real marriage. They steal from m e what I treasure most, and gain for themselves nothing at all. They wont be married. Theyll just be playing dress-up in their parents clothes.† In 2008 he stated, â€Å"Regardless of law, marriage has only one definition, and any government that attempts to change it is my mortal enemy. I will act to destroy that government and bring it down.† He was a member of the National Organization for Marriage from 2009 to 2013, and gave his support to a group tied directly to anti-equality activism around the country. These numerous actions that Card has taken against gay rights clearly demonstrate his honest feelings about homosexuality. His continued financial support to anti-gay activist groups proves that his support has not dwindled, despite his revocation of some of his stronger anti-gay remarks and his step down from his position on the board of the National Organization for Marriage anti-gay hate group. These politically strategic moves were conveniently timed to the r elease of his film, perhaps trying to minimize the bad press from the LGBT community. The â€Å"Skip Ender’s Game† campaign saw through these moves, and continued to discourage support from fans.The anti-homosexual references in Ender’s Game are congruent with Card’s history of activism, so it is doubtful that they were unintentional. As Campbell pointed out, there are many underlying negative homosexual references throughout the novel, but Card’s beliefs are also indicated through the distinct scenes mentioned here. Ultimately reinforced by the heterosexual relationships in the film adaptations, Card blatantly expresses his anti-gay beliefs.

Essay about The Awakening by Kate Chopin - 491 Words

The Awakening by Kate Chopin In â€Å"The Awakening† by Kate Chopin, the emotional state of the central character is often shown to the reader through the employment of literary techniques. Characterization helps draw parallels and contrasts between secondary characters and Edna Pontellier. Symbolism is used in order to outline Edna’s progression as a character. At the very beginning of the book, there is constant reference to a caged bird. This can be considered to be a reference to the â€Å"caged† life that Edna leads as a wife and mother in the late 19th century. The bird is described as speaking a common language and â€Å"also a language which nobody understood, unless it was the mocking-bird that hung on the other side of the†¦show more content†¦It is a sad spectacle to see the weaklings bruised, exhausted, fluttering back to earth.† Edna must be strong enough to survive her uprising of sorts against traditional society. She would, however, rather be a wounded free bird than remain caged. Another reference to birds is the name of Ednas temporary home, the Pigeon House. Another important symbol is water. When Edna finally overcomes her inability to swim, she feels free and empowered. She has difficulty realizing that she cannot swim out as far as she would like to, i.e. she is not entirely self-dependent. It is thus ironic that she ultimately frees herself completely by drowning. Her suicide is her only option in order to not sacrifice herself. If she lived, she would have to give up her soul, and just as importantly, her voice. Characterization is important in â€Å"The Awakening† because it shows important contrasts between Edna and the array of characters that surround her. There are constantly a pair of lovers surrounding her, always very self involved and obviously in love. They serve to show her what her life, especially her marriage, is lacking. Mariequita helps show Edna a carefree spirit she is lacking. Her reactions to these characters outline her altering emotional state throughout the book. For example, her relief at her father’s absence shows her feelings towards being abandoned byShow MoreRelatedThe Awakening By Kate Chopin1479 Words   |  6 PagesKate Chopin’s controversial novel, The Awakening, ignited turmoil because of her blatant disregard of the established 19th century perspective of women upholding strictly maternal and matrimonial responsibilities. Edna’s candid exploration of the restrictions on women through her liberal behavior in a conservative Victorian society makes her a literary symbol for feminist ideals. Despite denunciation from other people, Edna chooses individuality over conformity through her veering from traditionalRead MoreThe Awakening by Kate Chopin1102 Words   |  5 Pagesveracity of this quote as both find their independence by boldly exceeding the norm. Their stories were fashioned during a period of great change and both characters are hallmarks of the hope and power women were unearthing at the time. The Awakening by Kate Cho pin and Tess of the D’Urbervilles by Thomas Hardy are novels concerned with the transformation of women’s roles in society. Their protagonists, Tess and Edna, are not outright feminists, but they are acutely aware of the limitations imposed uponRead MoreThe Awakening By Kate Chopin1919 Words   |  8 PagesIn the novel, The Awakening, by Kate Chopin, we see how much of an importance the men in Edna’s life serve as a purpose to her awakening. Chopin is known to write stories about women who are unsatisfied with their lives while living in a life that is dominated by men. Other than Edna, the main men characters are typical men of the late 19th century era. Chopin shows how these three men are diverse from one another. The Creole men are Là ©once Pontellier, Edna’s husband, Robert, Edna’s mystery man numberRead MoreThe Awakening By Kate Chopin901 Words   |  4 Pagescandidly. Kate Chopin is honorably amongst this group of authors. Her works divi nely portrayed the culture of New Orleans and the lives of Louisiana s Creole and Cajun residents. Chopin openly express her views on sex, marriage, and the injustices of women during the time. Kate Chopin’s novel, The Awakening, best exemplifies the contextual achievement of realism through the rejection of conformity, the exploration of love, and the weight of social opinion on individual choices. The Awakening is publishedRead MoreThe Awakening By Kate Chopin1222 Words   |  5 Pages The Awakening By: Kate Chopin Emely Maldonado AP LIT Period 3 Topic 3 Maldonado 1 Displacement The late 1800s and the 1900s was a prison for woman’s individuality. During this time period, stereotypical views of women were commenced by society and men. In the era that the novel, The Awakening by Kate Chopin was published, the gender roles were graved in stone, men would work to maintain their family and women would adhere to the house-hold duties. Dissatisfaction with theRead MoreThe Awakening By Kate Chopin1193 Words   |  5 PagesDavian Hart The Awakening By: Kate Chopin AP Literature Topic 3 Hart 1 Over the course of time the male species has always been the gender to attain the more favorable conditions. Numerous cultures heed to the belief that the man is the provider and head of his family. This machismo nature can condition the mind to believe that a man should feel superior to a woman. The continuous cycle of male superiority flows down from father to son subconsciously. Do to this unceasingRead MoreThe Awakening, By Kate Chopin887 Words   |  4 Pages Feminism has been a term used by many authors and writers for centuries, symbolizing women being able to use freedom the way they want to, not the way others want them to use it. Edna Pontellier, the main character in Kate Chopin’s novel The Awakening, experiences an â€Å"awakening† in her life, where she discovers her position in the universe and goes in this direction instead of what others like her husband Leonce tell her to take, similar to the style of feminism. â€Å"In short, Mrs. Pontellier was beg inningRead MoreThe Awakening By Kate Chopin1427 Words   |  6 Pagessuffering an imposition (Moderata). Throughout history, the inherent inferiority of women to men has often been cited as a way to deter women from becoming an individual and pursuing more in life. This notion is a prevalent issue in The Awakening by Kate Chopin; in which Edna fights to live her own way and is ultimately unable to survive in the cage of society. Not only has this supposed inferiority effected women for generations, but it has created inequality in our society today; especially inRead MoreThe Awakening By Kate Chopin1633 Words   |  7 Pages1. Title of text (underline novels/plays) author’s name The Awakening by Kate Chopin 2. Characterization Character Development (a) 1.Edna Pontellier- Edna is the main character of the novel who is married to a businessman. Edna is a dynamic character because at the beginning of the novel, she conforms to society by being the â€Å"perfect† mother and wife; however, Edna suddenly realizes that she is no longer happy with the way she was living her life and began to become independent only for herRead MoreThe Awakening By Kate Chopin915 Words   |  4 PagesMany of Kate Chopin’s writings are trademarked by her unique, deliberate word choices. Chopin uses phrases that do not make sense and seem to contradict themselves to get across a point. In two of her stories, â€Å"The Story of an Hour† and â€Å"The Awakening,† Chopin’s word usage highlights the idea of self-discovery. â€Å"The Awakening† and â€Å"The Story of an Hour† share similar themes. â€Å"The Awakening† is the story of a woman in the late 1800s discovering her apathy for her traditional female role as a wife

The Father, The Son And Santiago Nasar - 939 Words

Darla Calicher Mrs. Dowling IB/CITS English 11, Hour 2 11 March 2015 The Father, the Son and Santiago Nasar: Section Four journal Frequently, authors juxtapose the protagonists of their stories akin to historical, symbolic, or heroic figures. Throughout Chronicle of a Death Foretold by Gabriel Garcia Marquez, Marquez relates Santiago Nasar with the metaphysical and physical Jesus Christ; however, â€Å"no literary Christ figure can ever be as divine as Jesus Christ† according to Thomas Foster’s â€Å" Yes, She’s a Christ Figure, Too† in How To Read Literature Like A Professor. This applies especially to Santiago who molests young women and enjoys the vicious sport of falconry. Found within the pages are comparisons between both Santiago and Christ. Revelations of societal corruption and community sin are also acknowledged as the murder of Santiago transpires. Just as Christ’s crucifixion cleansed others of their perpetual sins, Santiago Nasar’s fated sacrifice purified Angela’s sin and restored honor to the Vicario family. The parallel descriptions of Santiago and Jesus Christ validate Santiago’s innocence and unjust death . The day of his brutal murder, Santiago â€Å" put on a shirt and pants of white linen†(5). White commonly symbolizes innocence and is universally recognized as a color relating to Christ or celestial beings. Santiago’s choice of white linen clothing promotes his innocence. â€Å"My sister felt the angel pass by† (18) further supports the significance of white and itsShow MoreRelated Chronicle of a Death Foretold Essay1079 Words   |  5 Pagesresponsible for the death of Santiago Nasar, however the narrator is wrong. Ignorance killed Santiago Nasar. There are three specific townsfolk responsible for the murder; Leandro Pornoy, Divina Flor, and Colonel Lazaro Aponte. Each of these three people had an equal opportunity to stop the murder; however each person’s ignorance caused them to fail in their duty as a fellow citizen. It was their duty after they heard of the Vicario brothers’ plot to kill Santiago Nasar to do whatever was necessaryRead More Chronicle of a Death Foretold, by Gabriel Garcia-Marquez Essay1078 Words   |  5 Pagesbecome an outcast in the society. Angela Vicarios father had lost his sight from doing so much fine work in gold in order to maintain the honor of the house (33). When Angela Vicario explained she lost her virginity to Santiago Nasar, the honor and respect of the family was lost. The Vicario brothers felt it was their purpose to keep some sort of semblance of honor to their family name. Angelas supposed premarital relations with Santiago Nasar were enough in this culture to warrant deathRead More Dom Casmurro by Joaquim Maria Machado de Assis, and Chronicle of A Death Foretold by 1330 Words   |  6 Pagestake advantages of the plot holes in religion. The concept of religion as an obligation becomes obvious through the depiction of Bento and Dona Glorias numerous attempts to avoid making Bento a priest. Dona Gloria reluctantly sends away her son to the seminary out of fear for God rather than of genuine devotion. Religion as a burden is also evident in Chronicle of A Death Foretold in which the townspeople honour the much disliked bishop solely out of respect to God. The bishop, on theRead MoreHonor and Fate in Chronicle of a Death Foretold1104 Words   |  5 PagesThe role of Familial Honor and fate in Gabriel Garcia Marquezs The Chronicle of a Death Foretold On the day they were going to kill him, Santiago Nasar got up at five-thirty in the morning... (3). In this manner, in the first line of Gabriel Garcia Marquezs novel, Chronicle of a Death Foretold, the reader is introduced to Santiago, the main character who is viciously murdered by Pedro and Pablo Vicario for allegedly taking the virginity of their sister, Angela. In the novel, Marquez usesRead MoreMagical Realism In Chronicle Of A Death Foretold1442 Words   |  6 Pageseveryday thing. Placida Linero, who is Santiago Nasar s mother is a prime example of superstition within the novel. The quote, She had a well earned reputation as an accurate interpreter of other people s dream, provided they were told to her before eating, but she hadn t notice any ominous augury in those two dream of her son s conveys that Santiago s character also represents the element of magical realism in the novel. The statement, Nor did Santiago Nasar recognize the omen not only revealsRead MoreParadox of Character in Chronicle of a Death Foretold1289 Words   |  6 Pagesappearance versus reality is manifested in three of the major characters around whom the novel revolves. The surface impressions of Santiago Nasar, Angela Vicario, and Bayardo San Roman are deeply rooted in Latin culture; underneath the layer of tradition, however, lies a host of paradoxical traits which indicate the true complexity of human nature. While Santiago Nasar initially appears unethical, his traits and behaviors are simply a product of a society in which machismo overshadows morality. HisRead MoreChronicle Of A Death Foretold By Gabriel Garcia Marquez1137 Words   |  5 Pagesmaster†. Many newpaper reviews considered this as one of the masterpiece of Gabriel and he himself considered this book as a turning point in his life. This novel is a account of a journalist who visited to the land after 20 years of the death of Santiago Nasar, a renowned person of the town. She visits that place and tries to find out the different details from the person directly and indirectly involve with Santiago’s death or is having any kind of relationship with him. The author has used Magic RealismRead MoreHow Is Family Honor Portrayed in the Novels Chronicle of a Death Foretold by Gabriel Marquez and Like Water for Chocolate by Laura Esquivel?1723 Words   |  7 Pagesthroughout the novels as they expose its hypocrisy and detrimental effects on society. In Chronicle of a Death Foretold, the dogmatic nature of family honor and its adverse effects are immediately established when the Vicario brothers murder Santiago Nasar in an attempt to regain their family’s lost honor. Although they â€Å"killed him openly† [Marquez, pg. 49], the brothers insisted that they were innocent, claiming â€Å"Before God and before men†¦ It was a matter of honor† [Marquez, pg. 49]. Not only does

Case Study Ordinary Income

Question: Case Study Ordinary income Answer: i)Californian Copper Syndicate Ltd v Harris (Surveyor of Taxes) (1904) 5 TC 159 Through analyzing this case, we can conclude that the primary objective of the organization California Copper Syndicate was to get the land which consists copper. After getting the land, the company did not extract or remove copper from it. Moreover, the organization sold the property to another organization (Cebi and Woodbury, 2013). The verdicts of the court was that the group needs to pay the income tax for the agreement as the organization's intension was to produce the capitals or the money to trade the land or the property. This is not a capital gain and should be considered as the ordinary income of the organization on which taxes are bound to be levied (Taylor, 2011). ii) Scottish Australian Mining Co Ltd v FC of T (1950) 81 CLR 188 As per the case given over here, it can be seen that a business organization has established a business of coal mining. After a certain point of time, the fuel was strictly removed, and the group decided to sell the land or the property to produce the money from the trade. To makes the deal more profitable the group needed to subdivide the land and also to build roads in order to make it much more profitable (Coan, 2008). The verdict of the court was that the organization by subdividing the land can benefit a lot. In this particular case the firm is not liable to pay any taxes as it did not ultimately sell the land (Freebairn, 2008). iii)FC of T v Whit fords Beach Pty Ltd (1982) 150 CLR In this case, the tax payer is a firm or an organization, which gets an undeveloped land at the white fords beach. This property or land was located at the faade of the beach, and it could easily be utilized for the purpose of fishing. However, after a certain point of time, for the betterment of organization the difficult shares of the organization or the company were sold. After that, the new shareholders procured the land since they obtained the power of the management of this land and it is, in general, to increase the profitability the fresh shareholders need to subdivide the land and sell (Gunter, 2013). But during this time a disagreement arose amongst the shareholders about whether they need to add the share of their profits to the ordinary income or not. In general, the verdict of the court was that the shareholders can use the land in order to generate revenues for themselves. As a result of this, the organization or the firm established another organization of land develop ment, the income of which will fall under the category of ordinary income as per the Section 26(a) of ITAA (1983) (Heng, Niblock and Harrison, 2015). The court verdicts were that the profits or the income is assessed as a simple or an ordinary income and also need to be assessed as a regular or a single income. iv) Statham Anor v FC of T 89 ATC 4070 This case in this context is closely related to income tax system. In this case, the income tax was assessed for quite a long period of time. However, the decision was furnished that also need to the commissioner that is regulating the estates the profits or the income (KINGSTON, 2006). This is a simple or ordinary profits or the income and also need to be imposed to the law of the Income tax of this state. v) Casimaty v FC of T 97 ATC 5135 In this case the features and conditions associated for decreasing profit can be recognized (Leigh, 2007). Here the person under consideration endeavors to earn an amount of profit by selling a part of the land owned by him. The issue is whether the individual would have to pay taxes for the amount of money earned by him or not. This type of disagreement was mostly arising due to the exact reason if the income or the profit he gains from this type of trade that is assessable for the purpose of the tax or not. According to the Australian Taxation Act Section 25(1) of ITAA (1983) the agreement that was assessable and needs to be added in an ordinary or a simple income. vi) Moana Sand Pty Ltd v FC of T 88 ATC 4897 In this scenario, here also we can say that an organization was dealing with sand was keeping a property or the land to remove the sand from the land. Moreover, the land or the property was a trade to give birth to this disagreement which is closely related to the taxable amount (Lim, 2009). The verdict of the court was that the property or the land needs to be traded for only commercial purpose. It also said which the property or the land may be purchased by the other person, who will mostly used it for the business reason. Generally, to the Act is needed to be measured as ordinary or the single income (Strully, Rehkopf, and Xuan, 2010). vii) Crow v FC of T 88 ATC 4620 This scenario is related to a farmer, who is the taxpayer here. Here, we can see that the farmer was tried to buy a grazing field of land. Moreover, there was a general disagreement about the property. However, it also is also understood that this property or the land was an offer to the farmer (Liu and Arnold, n.d.). Depending on the scenario; it need not still be added in a single income or the profits or income tax deductable and provisions under this subsection 51(1) ) of ITAA (1936). It is a crucial subject matter to the provisions of the capital gain. viii) McCurry Anor v FC of T 98 ATC 4487 In this scenario, it was a land or the property possessed by the two brothers. Moreover, theres present some homes on that land to renovate this land the homes of the land need to be removed. The deviation aroused though this two brothers must need to pay their tax that is closely related to the land (Rodger, 2008). The result was in the proper support of these two Australian brothers besides the court ordered while this two Australian brother need not be require to compensate their tax for the property or their land also. References .DREW, M. (2006). Superannuation: Switching and Roulette Wheels.Australian Accounting Review, 16(38), pp.23-31. Basu, A. and Andrews, S. (2014). Asset Allocation Policy, Returns, and Expenses of Superannuation Funds: Recent Evidence Based on Default Options.Australian Economic Review, 47(1), pp.63-77. BATEMAN, H. (2006). Recent Superannuation Reforms: Choice and Flexibility in Retirement.Australian Accounting Review, 16(38), pp.2-6. Bennmarker, H., Calmfors, L., and Seim, A. (2014). Earned income tax credits, unemployment benefits, and wages: empirical evidence from Sweden.IZA J Labor Policy, 3(1). Cebi, M. and Woodbury, S. (2013). HEALTH INSURANCE TAX CREDITS, THE EARNED INCOME TAX CREDIT, AND HEALTH INSURANCE COVERAGE OF SINGLE MOTHERS.Health Econ., 23(5), pp.501-515. Coan, J. (2008). The Value of Proposed Earned Income Tax Credits to the Office of Child Support Enforcement's Caseload: A Comparison and Recommendations.Politics Policy, 36(5), pp.806-833. Freebairn, J. (2008). Comment: on The Economics of Superannuation'.Australian Economic Review, 19(3), pp.87-88. Gunter, S. (2013). State Earned Income Tax Credits and Participation in Regular and Informal Work.National Tax Journal, 66(1), pp.33-62. Heng, P., Niblock, S. and Harrison, J. (2015). Retirement policy: a review of the role, characteristics, and contribution of the Australian superannuation system.Asian-Pacific Economic Literature, 29(2), pp.1-17. KINGSTON, G. (2006). Choice of Tax Regime for Superannuation Contributors.Australian Accounting Review, 16(38), pp.41-46. Leigh, A. (2007). 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